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Dong, J., Li, W., & Wang, Q. (2022). Relationships Between Oral Microecosystem and Respiratory Diseases. Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences, Volume 8 - 2021. Added by: Dr. Enrique Feoli (31/12/2025, 17:29) Last edited by: Dr. Enrique Feoli (31/12/2025, 17:35) |
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| Resource type: Journal Article DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.718222 ID no. (ISBN etc.): 2296-889X BibTeX citation key: Dong2022 View all bibliographic details  |
Categories: BioAcyl Corp Subcategories: Mucosal Immunity Creators: Dong, Li, Wang Collection: Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences |
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| Abstract |
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Oral microecosystem is a very complicated ecosystem that is located in the mouth and comprises oral microbiome, diverse anatomic structures of oral cavity, saliva and interactions between oral microbiota and between oral microbiota and the host. More and more evidence from epidemiology, microbiology and molecular biology studies is establishing a significant link between oral microecosystem and respiratory diseases. Microbiota settling down in oral microecosystem is known as the main source of lung microbiome and have been associated with the occurrence and development of respiratory diseases like pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, cystic fibrosis lung disease and asthma. In fact, it is not only indigenous oral microbes promote or directly cause respiratory infection and inflammation when inhaled into the lower respiratory tract, but also internal environment of oral microecosystem serves as a reservoir for opportunistic respiratory pathogens. Moreover, poor oral health and oral diseases caused by oral microecological dysbiosis (especially periodontal disease) are related with risk of multiple respiratory diseases. Here, we review the research status on the respiratory diseases related with oral microecosystem. Potential mechanisms on how respiratory pathogens colonize oral microecosystem and the role of indigenous oral microbes in pathogenesis of respiratory diseases are also summarized and analyzed. Given the importance of oral plaque control and oral health interventions in controlling or preventing respiratory infection and diseases, we also summarize the oral health management measures and attentions, not only for populations susceptible to respiratory infection like the elderly and hospitalized patients, but also for dentist or oral hygienists who undertake oral health care. In conclusion, the relationship between respiratory diseases and oral microecosystem has been established and supported by growing body of literature. However, etiological evidence on the role of oral microecosystem in the development of respiratory diseases is still insufficient. Further detailed studies focusing on specific mechanisms on how oral microecosystem participate in the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases could be helpful to prevent and treat respiratory diseases.
Added by: Dr. Enrique Feoli Last edited by: Dr. Enrique Feoli |
| Notes |
Potential mechanisms on aspiration of oral microorganisms and their cell components and products into the lower respiratory tract to modulate immunoreaction and facilitate adherence and colonization of respiratory pathogens. Indigenous oral microorganisms, as well as their cell components and products such as lipopolysaccharide, peptidoglycans, enzymes and toxins in saliva, may be inhaled into the lower respiratory tract including the lung. Here, we classify the reactions of the lower respiratory tract to invaded oral microbes and their cell components and products into allergy and inflammation. In allergy reaction mode, take C. albicans (C. a) for example, the fungus and its lysates are reported to induce IL-5 and IL-13 production by Th2 cells. IL-5 activates eosinophils which is related with airway eosinophilic inflammation. IL-13 induces goblet cell hyperplasia resulting in increased mucus production and smooth muscle cell hyperplasia and hyperactivity which are prominent pathological features of allergic reaction. In inflammatory reaction mode, typical oral microbes such as F. nucleatum (F. n) and P. gingivalis (P. g) could induce IL-8 and IL-6 production, or soluble TNF receptors, TNF-α, IL-1ß and IL-6 production, respectively, both contributing to inflammation because of the subsequent differentiation, activation and recruitment of neutrophils. TNF-α also induce goblet cell hyperplasia and mucus hypersecretion. Moreover, C. albicans (C. a) infection could induce Th17 CD4+ occurrence, whose main functions are the differentiation, activation and recruitment of neutrophils, which contribute to the inflammation and destruction of the lung tissue. In addition of effects on immunoreaction and inflammation, inhaled cell components and products of oral microbes (for example, P. gingivalis) may enhance adherence and colonization of respiratory pathogens on respiratory mucosa, mainly via three ways: (A) modification or upregulating expression of the mucosal epithelium receptors by specific enzymes or by other cell components and products. (B) clearance of the mucous layer that covers the receptors resulting in exposure of surface receptors. (C) the salivary film that protects against the colonization of pathogenic bacteria is destroyed by hydrolytic enzymes. Added by: Dr. Enrique Feoli Last edited by: Dr. Enrique Feoli |